That's  me ;-)

Economics & Statistics

  Winter term 2025/26 - 22 January 2026
ECONOMICS I -- Microeconomics and Sustainable Development -- IFA 1st semester WS 2025/26


 Information

Further Information

Preliminary schedule:

  

No week date: presentation Unit - topics (Preliminary Schedule) Prepare for today ++  activities Material
-
  all semester all Let's talk about the real world / Economic Policy: The current situation of the European/international and German state of the economy.
What are the strategies and suggestions of different political parties, experts, and the public opinion?
I'm looking forward to discussing with you!
You are expected to follow the economic news and debates.
- One possibility is Espresso, the daily news overview of the Economist - as a student, you can subscribe for free
"Espresso gives me critical world updates in a quick 10 minute read. No more, no less" - "Listen anywhere - Easily fit Espresso into your day. Enjoy professionally read audio versions of articles." (both quotes from the web page linked above)
- of course you can use other media, newpapers, podcasts ... (from reliable sources - excluding web searches, open webpages, blogs, videos ...)
-
all

Outlook:

Current
public
debates
about
economic
Policy
Issues

World EconomicsOutlook - IMF - April 2025:

A Critical Juncture amid Policy Shifts

WEO Database

    

Annual Report 2025 (November 25)

Creating new prospects for tomorrow – not squandering opportunities



Joint Economic Forecasts
(english)       ------>

 On September 25, the Joint Economic Forecast Autum 2025 was published:

Further information:
- AI overview (7 Jan 26 - renew it any time using the prompt)
- Konjunkturprognosen für Deutschland (Tagesschau 18 Nov 25)
- Prognosen für Konjunktur in Deutschland 2025 und 2026 (business insider 15.4.25 - in German)

No week date: presentation Unit - topics (Preliminary Schedule) Prepare for today ++  activities Material
1
1

14 Oct

 

 

 

WHY Economics?
What's it about?
What do you expect?


Section I: Introduction

- 10 Principles of Economics (Mankiw)
    ->
Reader 2025

Today _in_ class:

Most important OBJECTIVE(s)
Hierarchy of goals in (social) market economies:

-> Teamwork about Mankiws "Ten Principles of Economics" and part from B. Obama "The Audaciy of Hope" (p. 176-184)

Reader 2025

- Welcome.ppt
- "Basic Concepts"
- Economics @ Wikipedia
 
- Social market economy (explainity® explainer video)


(ggf. Einstieg auf Deutsch mit IFA-Themen / euren Fragen)

2
1
16 Oct  

Basic Concepts of Economics

- Goals in Economics and Economic Policy

- Economic systems & Objectives of Economics / Economic Policy

Today _in_ class:

Most important OBJECTIVE(s)
Hierarchy of goals in (social) market economies
-> discuss the significance

Hierarchy of goals in market economies
- "Wall Street" @ Wikipedia

- See also the
quotations of T. Friedman

houses: 
Homework for next week ( -> see
table below)

3
2
21 Oct

(from today on we (houses) play a Kahoot quiz)

register to Kahoot using your (nick) name followed by the first letter of your house, e.g:
  Peter-G, MaryH

Please recall that for today Mankiws: "Problems and Applications" are due (see table below)

Basic Concepts of Economics
- Goals in Economics and Economic Policy
- Economic systems and Objectives of Economics / Economic Policy


Begg & Ward
Chapter 1: Economics for Business

Watch the videos _before_ class

- Social market economy (explainity® video) and from the KAS
-> is that todays reality?

Lets look at one of our first models: The Production Possibility Frontier (Curve) PPF
- figure 1.1 + definition:
   
- PPF exlained
    -
moving the PPF
which of Mankiws Principles do we find in this model?

General topic: AI in our class
                                                      ->    

Wall Street:
- "Wall Street" @ Wikipedia
:

-
is greed good?
-
Markets & Democracy

4
2
23 Oct  

Class cancelled due to illness

Begg & Ward
Chapter 1: Economics for Business

 

  Section II: Understanding Markets  
- Chapter 2: Consumers in the Market Place

 

* => if you didn'd do up to now, select your chapter für the presentation and register in AULIS

Class cancelled due to illness

 

-> Homework to prepare:

2-1 YouTube Miro board
- read chapter 2.2 and 2.3
+ find a real world example for a demand curve for a good of your choice (= reseach and put the actual curve into your Miro frame). Which sources did you use?

Important: The tests can only be taken IN CLASS (in the PC pool) - if you take it from another place, it doesn't count. (I'll take a participants list, you must bring your PRINTED student ID)
      Tests take place in the last 30 minutes of Tuesdays class = from 11:15-11:45 (test takes 20 minutes)
-> single questions require a MOUSE or touch pad - try the example!
      Tests are open book but closed net - you won't have access to the internet (except AULIS) and use of any electronic devices is strictly forbidden - as is communication during the test!

5
3
28 Oct


(NO
Example Test)

Class cancelled due to illness

 

 

 

 

- Chapter 2: Consumers in the Market Place
       ->   ELASTICITIES
(1 - value -> price strategy)

 

 

 

 

 


Class cancelled due to illness

 

 

In this video you find my explanations -->

 

 

 

2-2 YouTube Miro board

- read chapter 2.4 and 2.5

- Ask an LLM for a brief definition of Elasticity of demand. Insert your results into your frame in the team Miro board
- also find an example for an elasticity of demand
(= reseach and put the actual demand curve into your Miro frame). Which sources did you use?

Presentations:

Literature and Academic Writing

University Library: Econmics & Business Studies, Selected Resources - Faculty 1: International Business, Data Bases ...

- EconLit
-> EconBiz.de -- Find Economic Literature (Service of ZBW) - Research skills:
  - Guided Walk - Video-Course - Academic-Career-Kit - Guides:
     + "Write your best paper" – a guide to academic writing
          for economics and business students (PDF-Guide)
     + Guidelines: Search and Evaluate Scholarly Literature
     + Guidelines: Citation (APA style) [pdf; 280 KB]

- OECD iLibrary: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
- Web of Science: http://isiknowledge.com/wos

Literature Management System -> ZOTERO
- Links Link Uni Bremen, Studytools, Quick start guide
- Zotero Tutorial (video)   Important: -> please install the Zotero app and the Zotero Connector for your browser!

6
3
30 Oct

(rescheduled)

- Chapter 2: Consumers in the Market Place
       ->   ELASTICITIES
(2 - sign / types of goods)

Today's schedule:
- Kahoot
- finishing 10 Principles
- preview test and presentation
- chapter 2 (first part)
- 13:20 (exposé for next week)

--- " --- Topics of test 1 (preliminary): Introduction, basic questions, objectives (hierarchy of goals), 10 Principles of Economics / Begg&Ward chapter 1 - you find an expample of a (pre-) test in AULIS
7
4
4 Nov

Test 1 (first 20 minutes
in class)


+ a PHOTO ID on paper

Today's schedule: (8:30 - 11:45!!)
- test 8:30 in class -> photo ID
- Kahoot
- finishing chapter 2
- Literature: citation and management
- chapter 3

- Chapter 3: Firms in the Market Place

 

3-1 Video Miro board

->  Homework to prepare:
- read chapter 3.1 and 3.2
Work on questions 1-4 (P 84)

Important: The test can only be taken at the university (in our classroom) (I'll take a participants list, you must bring a photo ID (as the smarthone has to be switched of during the tests)), if you take it from another place, it doesn't count.
      Tests take place in the first 30 minutes of Tuesdays class = from 8:30-9:00 (test takes 20 minutes)
-> single questions require a MOUSE or touch pad - try the example!
      Tests are open book but closed net - you are not allowed to use any internet sources (except AULIS and Miro) or communication and the use of other any electronic devices is strictly forbidden!
8
4
6 Nov

- Chapter 3: Firms in the Market Place

3-2 Video Miro board


Homework to prepare:
->
Present your "Practice to use literature-database" as describen in the table below (week 4)
Tell us about your research process, problems, and present a literature list.

- "The Production Process"
see also the Excel file with some Figures from the book
9
5
11 Nov


- Chapter 3: Firms in the Market Place

Information about the:
IFA-Symposium 2025 - Flyer

- " -
-> ALL HOUSES present a literature list !!!

+ tasks in the Miro board
 
10
5
13 Nov presentation 2 - Chapter 4: Markets in Action  

4 Video Miro board

-> in class:
->
task 3 of this exam

Topics of test 2 (preliminary): (still) 10 Principles of Economics,
Begg & Ward chapter 2 and 3
11
6
18 Nov

Test 2

- Chapter 4: Markets in Action   ->  Homework to prepare:
- solve exercise 2 of chapter 4 (page 104/105)
 
12
6
20 Nov

- Chapter 4: Markets in Action  
 

Section III: Competition and Profitability

- Chapter 5: Market structure & Firm Performance
Competition, Monopoly and the public interest (welfare)

5.1-5.4 TR, Profit, and Perfect Competition
Video Miro board

->  Homework to prepare:
- read chapters 5.2 and 5.3. Make a list of 5 examples (markets, concrete firms) for the four market structures
-> upload them to your Miro Team board

Annual Report 2025 (November 25)

Creating new prospects for tomorrow – not squandering opportunities

13
7
25 Nov

presentation 3

- Chapter 5: Market structure & Firm Performance (cont'd)
5.5 Monopoly

Ch 05-2 Market structure and firm performance - 5.5p Monopoly
Video Miro board

->  Homework to prepare:
- read chapter 5.5 "Monopoly" - especially think about the advantages and disadvantages of monopolies for the public welfare.
-> What is"creative destruction" about?

Topics of test 3 (preliminary): Begg & Ward chapters 2 (only elasticity), 3, 4 and the parts of ch. 5 discussed in class up to now)
14
7

27 Nov

-> Flyer
No class, but we all meet at the Haus der Wissenschaft  
15
8
2 Dec

Test 3

IFA: Election of class speakers

- Chapter 5: Market structure & Firm Performance (cont'd)
Competition, Monopoly and the public interest (welfare)

->  Homework to prepare:       (cont'd)
Video 5-2 Miro board
- r
ead chapter 5.5 "Monopoly" - especially think about the advantages and disadvantages of monopolies for the public welfare.
-> What is"creative destruction" about?

Let's practice the monopoy situation: Example of a final test (30 min) - task 2

16
8

4 Dec

presentation 4

presentation 5

- Chapter 6. Strategic rivalry
-> Oligopoy and Game Theory


----------- " ----------

Bundeskartellamt - Control of abusive practices - Ban on cartels (Cartel prosecution)
Information brochure: Effective cartel prosecution - Benefits for the economy and consumers - Leniency Programme
Deutsche Bahn AG to make changes to ticket sales - do you like a coffee?

17
9
   9 Dec

presentation 6

presentation 6 (team 2)

- Chapter 6. Strategic rivalry
-> Oligopoy and Game Theory

- Chapter 7. Growth strategies

Information about the
-> Presentations and debates of one alternative economic approach by the houses in January
-> material in row 25 ff

Examples: 1) do you like a coffee? 2) Bundesliga 3) cars & steel 4) Deutsche Bahn AG to make changes to ticket sales

Movie "A beautiful Mind" about John F. Nash:     "the best result will come if everyone does what is best for himself ... and the group" (bar scene)
In memoriam: - 'Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash killed in crash
- The prisoner's Dilemma
- "Split or Steal", "87,900" and "From Stealing to Trust"

18
9

11 Dec

room change:

EW 106

*** Evaluation ***
please let me know, what you think about this class

14:00-15:00
Public Discussion:

Academic Freedom under Pressure and International Student Exchange” room A01

International Day

- Chapter 8. Governing business

 

 

You should start to watch the videos of chapter 9, as there are two for next week:

Topics of test 4:
Begg & Ward chapter 5: Market Structure, Performance, Profit and Welfare in PC and Monopoly.
Chapter 6: Imperfect Competition (oligopolies)

19
10
     16 Dec

 

Test 4

presentation 8

 

*** Evaluation ***
please let me know, what you think about this class

Section IV: Basics of MACROeconomics

- Chapter  9: An introduction to the Macro Economy

WHY Economics?
WHY Economic POLICY?
review and new aspects

Review of Mankiw principles 5-7 and 8-10 /
Economic dogmas: Theories - Markets - Governments - People

9.1 Business Cycle, uncertainty
-> Economic Sentiment

9.2 Macroeconomic issues
- four key macroeconomic issues
- which other indicators are important?
- which are missing?

9.3 The Circular Flow on Income
find our scetches in Miro (2nd board of last semester). What do you recall?

9-1 YouTube Miro board)

Most important OBJECTIVE(s):
Hierarchy of goals in (social) market economies
-> discuss the significance

- Social market economy (explainity® video) and from the KAS
-> is that todays reality?

-> How do we call the most important macroeconomic issues in German(y)? In which law are the defined?

 
20
10
18 Dec

presentation 7

- Chapter  9: An introduction to the Macro Economy

9.4 National Income Determination & the business cycle

- AD, AS, Macro Equilibrium
- Measurement:

  business cycle
Konjunkturprognosen: Business Forecasts for Germany

9-2 YouTube Miro board Some Videos "Fight of the Century" / Fear the boom and the bust
- "Fear the Boom and Bust" a Hayek vs. Keynes Rap Anthem
- Fight of the Century: Keynes vs. Hayek Round Two
and more information like "The Tale of the Dueling Economists".
Texts of the videos

... and why not enjoy: Deck the Halls with Macro Follies

21
11


HAPPY
new Year
2026
!

 

6 Jan

presentation 10

presentation X2: Markets and Platforms

presentation X1: AI in Auditing

Recall:
"The houses please register up to 7 Jan for one of the approaches / topics they chose - first come first serve"

We'll continue our discussion of:

 

Section IV: Basics of MACROeconomics

- Chapter  9: An introduction to the Macro Economy

- Chapter 10: Measuring Macroeconomic Variables and Policy Issues

Annual Report 2025 (November 25)

Creating new prospects for tomorrow – not squandering opportunities

Further information:
- AI overview (7 Jan 26 - renew it any time using the prompt)
- Konjunkturprognosen für Deutschland (Tagesschau 18 Nov 25)
- Prognosen für Konjunktur in Deutschland 2025 und 2026 (business insider 15.4.25 - in German)

 

 

22
11

8 Jan

presentation 9

*** Evaluation ***
please let me know, what you think about this class
(until 16 January)

- Chapter 10: Measuring Macroeconomic Variables and Policy Issues

German National Accounting @DeStatis:
- Important economic indicators & publications (links unfortunately killed by Destatis)

- Eurostat with National Accounts
- Source OECD & ILibrary - The OECD's Online Library of Statistical Databases, Books and Periodicals (accessible from the campus net - or via VPN)

23
12
13 Jan Reading week

Now that we discussed National Accounting (GDP, ...) we'll ask ourselves:

Is GDP really an apt measure of Welfare
...quality of life, sustainable development ...?

-> Measuring WELFARE & SUSTAINABILITY

 

The German Statistical Office (DeStatis) publishes Environmental indicators and also an "Indicator Report - Sustainable Development in Germany" + "Indicator Report 2021: Sustainable Development in Germany"

24
12
15 Jan Reading week - How can countries measure the well-being of their citizens? (TED institute)   Topics of test 5:
- Chapter 6: Oligopolies, Game Theory
- Chapters 9 and 10 - Tagets of Economic Policy, GDP: The Circular Flow of Income; Measurement of GDP, other macroeconomic issues
25
13
20 Jan

Test 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

please upload your presentation - as usual - the day before up to 16:00 !

 

Presentations and Debates:

* Alfa: Economy of the Common Good (ECG)

* Bravo: Feminist Economics

* Charlie: Doughnut Economics

 

"Monitoring economic performance, quality of life and sustainability" by the German Council of Economic Experts in association with the french Council of Economic Analysis - Joint Report 2010 requested by the Franco-German Ministerial Council to Chancellor Mrs. Angela Merkel and french President Nicolas Sarkozy (deutsche Übersetzung: Wirtschaftsleistung, Lebensqualität und Nach-haltigkeit: Ein umfassendes Indikatorensystem). This report was based on:

-> Report of the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress 2009
- Joseph Stiglitz - Problems with GDP as an Economic Barometer
- Amartya Sen: Beyond GDP, measures of welfare and sustainability (2/7 ..)
 

Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are integrated — they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

26
13

22 Jan

 

 

 

 

Results of your Evaluation - Thank you to the 6   :-( participants ...!

please upload your presentation - as usual - the day before up to 16:00 !

 

Presentation and Debate:

* Delta: Degrowth (Postwachstumsökonomie)

 

 

 

 

ECG Economy for the Common Good (GWÖ):
- What if the common good was the goal of the economy? | Christian Felber | TEDxVienna (basic idea up to minute 9:50)
-
ECG in 2:30 min
- ECG webpage - have a look around
[in German: . Gemeinwohl-Matrix 5.0,]
- The Common Good Product: CGP instead of GDP
- The Common Good Matrix
- Companies in different countries

Doughnut Economics (Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist)
- Why it's time for 'Doughnut Economics' | Kate Raworth | TEDx
- more information on: www.kateraworth.com
- Re-Writing (Neo-Liberal) Economics

OECD: "Beyond GDP" Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Jean-Paul FITOUSSIand Martine DURAND

"Descentrar el producto interno bruto (PIB) - Bienestar, cuidados y tiempo" (Iliana Vaca Trigo y Camila Baron), también en ingles:
"Decentring GDP - Well-being, care and time" United Nations publication 2022

27
14
27 Jan

Test 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IA South Corea

please upload your presentation - as usual - the day before up to 16:00 !


Presentations and Debates:

* Echo Wellbeing Economy

* Foxtrot Circular Economy

 

Other Alternative Economic Approaches
 

Fridays, Economists, Scientists ... for Future: Facts + Statements of Scientists + Sketchnotes + Skeptical Science Global Warming & Climate Change Myths + The Consensus Handbook +
+ New Economics Foundation + (you can also check this list by ECG)

Degrowth – what's behind the economic theory and why does it matter right now?
Niko Paech: Grundzüge einer Postwachstumsökonomie

Economics of Happiness / Glücksforschung
Karlheinz Ruckriegel

and many more ideas and topics please !

Topics of test 6:
- 10 Principles of Economics
- review chapters 2-6
-
Alternative Economic Approaches, esp. ECG and Doughnut
28
14

29 Jan

 

Outlook: Macroeconomics and Economic Policy

Fiscal and Monetary Policy:

- Chapter 13: Expenditure and Fiscal Policy
  - Keynesian Cross & the Multiplier

- Chapter 14: Money, Banking and Interest
  - Money and the Banking system

 

 Main Source : European Central Bank ECB, Educational Sources:
- European Monetary Union explained
- The European Centrag Bank (EU Parlament)
- The History of the European (monetary) integration
- European Integration (ECB presentation used in class)
- Monetary Policy Instruments           (TARGET 2 = Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System)
+
Definitions of monetary aggregates - MFI information - Inflation Monitor - see also: Leitzins.info

Some Videos "Fight of the Century" / Fear the boom and the bust
- "Fear the Boom and Bust" a Hayek vs. Keynes Rap Anthem
- Fight of the Century: Keynes vs. Hayek Round Two
and more information like "The Tale of the Dueling Economists".
Texts of the videos

 

The "Module Exercise" takes place every week <45-90 minutes every week integrated into our class> We formed six HOUSES which are assigned tasks for the next session and is expected to present the results (=prepared as joint homework)
The module exercise is part of your individual workload, it isn't marked and the lecturer won't deliver new information; he will only moderate the sessions. The tasks of the module exercise normally refer to the topics discussed in the last week(s). The numbers in the table below normally refer to the chapter in the textbook (Sloman: "End of chapter questions"). At the end of the module exercise there is room for general questions about the topics, terms, ... .

The exercises discussed in the module exercise are relevant for the tests. If the students deliver results or approaches to the solution, we'll discuss the correct solution in class. If no approaches are presented, the task will not be discussed in class but nevertheless stay relevant for the exam.

Houses:

Date:

 
Alfa
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Echo
Foxtrot
 

Names of students:
please register in AULIS

- Luna
- Liv
- César
- Valeria
- Dilovan
- Bara
- Rowaida
- Minh Anh
- Valerie
- Claudia
- Setayesh
- Lina
- Lukasz
- Selina
- Sofiia
- Mela
- Elise
- Jana
- Tarek
- Pamela
- Thomas
- Ben
- Simon
- Luis
- Andris
- Shadi
- Phil
- Sammy
- Aliyar
- Finn
- Finn
- Agit
- Shawn
- Sara Nur
- Madoksas
- Pascal
- Nicholas
- Patrick
- Dennis
- Anuel
week 1

no tasks, but Mankiws "Principles" in class:

- name and describe your principles / text
- provide an _own_ example per principle

1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
Obama-Text
week 2

Mankiw: "Problems and Applications":

15-16
 17 (one article)

  13-14
17 (one article)

10-12    
17 (one article)

7-9
   17 (one article)

4-6
   17 (one article)

1-3
   17 (one article)

week 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

week 4

Practice to use literature-databases (EconBiz, or EconLit) properly:
-> research min 6-8 articles from academic journals

> either for your presentation topic
>_or_ for the topic given in your column = find them, check contents (abstract) and if it fits / is helpfull add it to your literature management system (=Zotero).

+ literature research: your chapter or
- Price Elasticity of demand
+ literature research: your chapter or
- Cartel prosecution (in Germany)
+ literature research: your chapter or
- the impact of market structures on prices and quality
+ literature research: your chapter or
- Covid and inflation
+ literature research: your chapter or
- (ukrainian) war and inflation
+ literature research: your chapter or
- alternative economic approaches
week 5
             
week 6 ...
IN class: End of Chapter questions from Begg/Ward
(chapter 2)
-> all students: Exercise 1 and 2

-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24

-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24
-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24
-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24
-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24
-> all students:
Material/econs/Oil Is Hitting Its Highest Level in Months - WSJ 4.4.24
Prepare for week 7 Do the exam example provided and discussed last week in class (here and in AULIS > Tests > "Micro-Econs Self Test") -> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
-> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
-> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
-> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
-> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
-> all houses do the test
We discuss the results in class
week 7 y
(in class together)
End of Chapter questions from Begg/Ward
(chapter 3)
-> all students: Exercise 1 and 2
-> all students: Exercise 1 and 2 -> all students: Exercise 1 and 2 -> all students: Exercise 1 and 2 -> all students: Exercise 1 and 2 -> all students: Exercise 1 and 2 -> all students: Exercise 1 and 2
week 8 Due to a faculty meeting, the class ends at 16:00 -> all houses (= all students) are required to do the teamwork in the module exercise Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
Chapter 5:
Questions 1-10
Excercises 1 and 2
week 9 We'll discuss YOUR questions about the tasks of last week            

 

Top

Links:

 Quotations form the book of Thomas Friedman: "The World is flat":
- For some, particularly among the older generations, this was an unwelcome transformation. Communism was a great system for making everyone equally poor. In fact, there was no better system in the world for that than Communism. Capitalism made people unequally rich, and for some who were used to the plodding, limited, but secure Socialist lifestyle--where a job, a house, an education, and a pension were all guaranteed, even if they were meager--the fall of the Berlin wall was deeply unsettling. (p. 51/52)
- ... to some degree Mikhail Gorbachev's hapless efforts to reform something that was unreformable brought communism to an end. But if I had to point to one factor as first among equals, it was the information revolution that began in the early- to mid-1980s. Totalitarian systems depend on a monopoly of information and force, and too much information started to slip through the Iron Curtain, thanks to the spread of fax machines, telephones, and other modern tools of communication. (p 54)

-You are visitor number:


 
Hochschule Bremen
Fachbereich Wirtschaft
VWL und Statistik